Overseas study achieves longest continuous tracking of migrating insects

Insects are the world’s smallest flying migrants, but they can maintain perfectly straight flight paths even in unfavourable wind conditions, according to a new study¹ from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and the University of Konstanz. Researchers radio tracked migrating hawkmoths for up to 80 kilometres—the longest distance that any insect has been continuously monitored in the wild. By closely following individuals during migration, the world-first study unlocks a century-old mystery of what insects do over their long-range journeys. The study confirms that hawkmoths can accurately maintain straight trajectories over long distances, employing sophisticated strategies to counter and correct for unfavorable wind conditions. The findings reveal that insects are capable of accurate navigation, confirming that an internal compass guides them on their long journeys.

With trillions of individuals migrating every year, insects are some of the most common migrating animals on Earth. They include species of renown, such as the monarch butterfly, as well as species of enormous societal and environmental importance, such as locusts, mosquitos, and bees. But even though insect migrants far outnumber better-known migrants, such as birds or mammals, their migration is the least understood form of long-range animal movement.

The problem, for the most part, has been methodological. “Studying insects on the move is a formidable challenge,” says first author Myles Menz, who conducted the research at Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior. “They’re usually too numerous to mark and find again, and too small to carry tracking devices”.

Much of what we know about insect migration has come from studies that sample insects at a single moment in time, such as through radar or direct observation, which has left vast blank spots in our knowledge. “Understanding what insects do during migration, and how they respond to weather, is a last frontier in migration science,” says Menz.

The study, which followed radio-tagged individuals in a light aircraft, is the first to continuously study nocturnal migrating insects in the wild and represents the longest distance over which any insect has been continuously tracked in the field. The team, which includes researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, University of Konstanz in Germany, and the University of Exeter in the UK, focused on the death’s-head hawkmoth (Acherontia spp.) – a large, nocturnal migrant that travels up to 4000 kilometres between Europe and Africa every year. Like many insects, the species is a multi-generational migrant, which means that no individual knows the entire route.

At the Max Planck Institute in Konstanz, Germany, the team reared caterpillars until adulthood in the laboratory to ensure that individuals were naïve. When moths emerged as adults, they were fixed with radio tags weighing 0.2 grams—less than 15% of adults’ body weight. “The moths would probably eat more weight than that in a night, so these tags are extremely light for the insects,” says Menz.

The researchers released the tagged moths and waited for flight to begin, after which they chose a single individual to follow at a time. The team followed 14 moths each for up to 80 kilometres or 4 hours—a stretch long enough to be considered migratory flight—using antennas mounted on a Cessna airplane to detect precise locations every five to 15 minutes. Insects were followed in the south-south-west direction from Konstanz into the Alps, which follows the route taken by hawkmoths towards the Mediterranean and Northwest Africa.

Due to practical constraints of flying in an aircraft, the scientists tracked moths continuously until the insects stopped on route. “When you’re in an airplane, it becomes extremely difficult to wait for the insects to begin migrating again because you would have to be in the air when this happens, which could be anytime in the night,” says senior author Martin Wikelski, a movement ecologist from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and University of Konstanz, who piloted the plane during the study.

The results show that moths maintained perfectly straight trajectories for long distances during flight. This was not because they waited for favourable tailwinds. Rather, they employed a range of flight strategies to buffer against prevailing winds, allowing them to hold their course throughout the night. When winds were favourable, they flew high and slow, allowing the air to carry them. But during harsh headwinds or cross winds, they flew low to the ground and increased speed to keep control of their path.

Says Menz: “For years it was assumed that insect migration was mostly about getting blown around. But we show that insects are capable of being great navigators, on par with birds, and are far less vulnerable to wind conditions than we thought. By showing that it is technically possible to continuously monitor individual insects over migration, and to observe their flight behaviour in detail, we hope to inspire more studies to answer many more big questions in this area.”

For the study authors, the next step is to answer the question of how moths are able to maintain such straight lines. “Based on past lab work, it’s possible that the insects are using internal compasses, both visual and magnetic, to chart their way around the world,” says Menz.

Eds: This finding has implications for our understanding of invasive species, and biological control agent dispersal.

Content provided by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

¹Menz, M. H., Scacco, M., Bürki-Spycher, H. M., Williams, H. J., Reynolds, D. R., Chapman, J. W., & Wikelski, M. (2022). Individual tracking reveals long-distance flight-path control in a nocturnally migrating moth. Science, 377(6607), 764-768.

Scion hosts Forest Biosecurity Surveillance and Diagnostics Workshop

On the 6^th of September, Scion hosted a “Forest Biosecurity Surveillance and Diagnostic Workshop”, for SPS Biota’s biosecurity advisors to engage with Scion’s Forest Health Reference Laboratory (FHRL) diagnosticians and discuss current and emerging biosecurity threats. Scion and SPS have worked together in New Zealand’s biosecurity space for decades and organised similar meetings in the past. This workshop, the first since the COVID lockdowns, opened with talks from Scion scientists covering pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, longhorn beetles, ambrosia and bark beetles, soil nutrition, and a broad overview of rusts. Workshop participants were then given a tour of the FHRL diagnostic lab and shown some of the diagnostic tools used in the identification of samples submitted to the laboratory. A walkthrough of the entire process from field collection to diagnosis was also discussed between diagnosticians and advisors. After the laboratory tour, participants enjoyed a tour of the Scion Nursery, along with discussion and reflection on the days talks and tours. The following day, the SPS team went to the field where they did some training, and tested their equipment, while putting some of what they learned into practice. Feedback has been overwhelmingly positive, and these workshops will be organised more routinely in the future, to ensure that Scion and SPS Biota continue to work closely together identifying risks and trends that threaten Aotearoa’s biosecurity.

Darryl Herron (Scion)

Newsletter of the Scion Ecology and Environment team. Edited by Andrew Pugh and Darryl Herron, Scion. Contact: Andrew Pugh

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